BZD型旋臂起重機屬于輕中級工作制，額定工作量為0.25t、0.5t、1t、2t、3t、5t六種規格。根據工作崗位需要選用不同規格型號的起重機和起升速度與運行速度。該機具有兩種操縱形式：電動回轉和手動回轉。旋轉臂的回轉角度根據使用場所需要可選擇180°、270°、345°、360°等不同的角度。

　　BZ定柱式旋臂起重機，具有結構簡單、操作簡便、節能高效等特點，廣泛用于工礦車間的生產線，裝配線和機床的上下工件，以擴倉庫、碼頭等場所的物料吊運作業

　　1988年下半年，我到沙頭角區工作。

　　三洲田村民到鹽田墟購物、辦事來回要步行五六個小時。由于交通阻隔，山上山下聯系非常不方便。為了探明三洲田具體情況，我帶了幾名干部驅車繞道龍崗坪山三洲田北面山腳下，然后沿著山間小道一步一步登上三洲田山頂。

　　調查后發現：山的四周綠樹成陰，山清水秀，環境優美，空氣新鮮，是天然旅游和養生的好地方；山頂有座人工開挖的水庫，水庫蓄水有400多萬立方，主要用于橫崗和坪山地區部分農田灌溉；水庫對面有片茶山，栽種著三洲田本土綠茶；山上有一排低矮破舊的磚瓦平房，居住著約30多戶人家，村民中不少都是一些老、弱、病、殘者，其中有些中年男女是從內地遷來的移民；平房旁有間學校，校舍簡陋，學生稀少，顯然是為山上村民解決未成年子女臨時上學的一個場所。下山后，在我腦海中常浮現一個念頭，就是如何把三洲田發展成為一個生態旅游景區。而要實現這個目標，前提條件就是要修通鹽田到三洲田的公路。

　　為了盡快修通這條公路，我還專門訪問了原沙頭角區委書記劉斌同志，了解到他在任時區里曾于1986年出資100多萬元，聘請外單位進行勘探、設計和施工，在山間開挖了部分路基，后來因故中途停工了，路并沒修通。不久后，我在一次區領導人會議上建議：“下決心修通鹽田到三洲田公路”，一方面把山上幾十戶人家搬下山來，一方面把三洲田開發成生態旅游景區。通過討論，與會同志表示贊同，并決定區里投資300多萬元人民幣，由深圳市公路局負責施工，從鹽田辦事處抽調一名干部協助。區三名副區長具體組織實施。區里作出決定后，我到鹽田街道辦商量，請街道辦和所在村委會設法幫助妥善安置山上居民下山居住。此項工作得到市規劃國土局、鹽田街道辦和鹽田村委會的大力支持，建房工作進展十分順利。此后用了一年多時間，最終修通了從鹽田到三洲田全長十多公里的盤山水泥公路。從此結束了沙頭角與三洲田之間歷史久遠的阻隔狀況。除個別年紀大經多次動員不愿下山的外，山上30多戶村民都搬下鹽田一村居住。

　　1989年下半年我帶團到新加坡考察，擬與某外商合作興建三洲田旅游景區，后因其他原因，使這一愿望未能實現。如今，華僑城集團投巨資把昔日的三洲田完全改造成今日深圳、中國乃至世界著名的大型旅游景區——東部華僑城。我們當年的夢想，如今在他們手中變成了現實。當年區里修建的那條公路，后來被華僑城集團通過改擴建，現在變成了一條寬闊亮麗的水泥路。近幾年來，慕名而來的一批又一批深圳市民和中外游客驅車沿著這條路登上東部華僑城參觀游覽，僅2009年接待游客近300萬人次，實現了良好的社會效益和經濟效益。

　　現在，許多人都知道物流重要，應該重視物流。那么物流為什么重要，物流的實質是什么？物流究竟起什么作用呢？本講就來談談這個問題。

　　物流是物質資料，包括原材料的物理性移動，是從供應者到使用者的運輸、包裝、保管、裝卸搬運、流通加工、配送以及信息傳遞的過程，這就是說物流活動本身一般并不創造產品價值，只創造附加價值。這樣一講，物流是不是多余的了呢？答案無疑是否定的。為什么？因為任何產品都不可能生產出來，不經過搬運裝卸、包裝、運輸、保管就立即消費，充其量可以節省物流七大環節中的一個或兩個。所以說，既然物流是一個不可省略或者說不可跨越的過程，而且，隨著這個過程的發生，就會產生費用、時間、距離以及人力、資源、能源、環境等一系列問題。人們只有客觀地認識這些問題，正確地對待、科學地解決好這些問題，才是惟一的正確態度和選擇。籠統地說，物流的實質和作用主要表現在以下七個方面。

一、保值

　　物流有保值作用。也就是說，任何產品從生產出來到最終消費，都必須經過一段時間、一段距離，在這段時間和距離過程中，都要經過運輸、保管、包裝、裝卸搬運等多環節、多次數的物流活動。在這個過程中，產品可能會淋雨受潮、水浸、生銹、破損、丟失等。物流的使命就是防止上述現象的發生，保證產品從生產者到消費者移動過程中的質量和數量，起到產品的保值作用，即保護產品的存在價值，使該產品在到達消費者時使用價值不變。

二、節約

　　搞好物流，能夠節約自然資源、人力資源和能源，同時也能夠節約費用。比如，集裝箱化運輸，可以簡化商品包裝，節省大量包裝用紙和木材；實現機械化裝卸作業，倉庫保管自動化，能節省大量作業人員，大幅度降低人員開支。重視物流可節約費用的事例比比皆是。被稱為“中國物流管理覺醒第一人”的海爾企業集團，加強物流管理，建設起現代化的國際自動化物流中心，一年時間將庫存占壓資金和采購資金，從15億元降低到7億元，節省了8億元開支。

三、縮短距離

　　物流可以克服時間間隔、距離間隔和人的間隔，這自然也是物流的實質。現代化的物流在縮短距離方面的例證不勝枚舉。在北京可以買到世界各國的新鮮水果，全國各地的水果也常年不斷；郵政部門改善了物流，使信件大大縮短了時間距離，全國快遞兩天內就到美國聯邦快遞，能做到隔天送達亞洲15個城市；日本的配送中心可以做到，上午10點前訂貨、當天送到。這種物流速度，把人們之間的地理距離和時間距離一下子拉得很近。隨著物流現代化的不斷推進，國際運輸能力大大加強，極大地促進了國際貿易，使人們逐漸感到這個地球變小了，各大洲的距離更近了。

　　城市里的居民不知不覺地享受到物流進步的成果。南方產的香蕉全國各大城市一年四季都能買到；新疆的哈蜜瓜、寧夏的白蘭瓜、東北大米、天津小站米等都不分季節地供應市場；中國的紡織品、玩具、日用品等近年大量進入美國市場，除了中國的勞動力價格低廉等原因外，則是國際運輸業發達，國際運費降低的緣故。

四、增強企業競爭力、提高服務水平

　　在新經濟時代，企業之間的競爭越來越激烈。在同樣的經濟環境下，制造企業，比如家電生產企業，相互之間的競爭主要表現在價格、質量、功能、款式、售后服務的競爭上，可以講，像彩電、空調、冰箱等這類家電產品在工業科技如此進步的今天，質量、功能、款式及售后服務，目前各企業的水平已經沒有太大的差別，唯一可比的地方往往是價格。近幾年全國各大城市此起彼伏的家電價格大戰，足以說明這一點。那么支撐降價的因素是什么？如果說為了占領市場份額，一次、兩次地虧本降價，待市場奪回來后再把這塊虧損補回來也未嘗不可。然而，如果降價虧本后仍不奏效又該如何呢？不言而喻，企業可能就會一敗涂地。在物資短缺年代，企業可以靠擴大產量、降低制造成本去攫取第一利潤。在物資豐富的年代，企業又可以通過擴大銷售攫取第二利潤。可是在新世紀和新經濟社會，第一利潤源和第二利潤源已基本到了一定極限，目前剩下的一“未開墾的處女地”就是物流。降價是近幾年家電行業企業之間主要的競爭手段，降價競爭的后盾是企業總成本的降低，即功能、質量、款式和售后服務以外的成本降價，也就是我們所說的降低物流成本。

　　國外的制造企業很早就認識到了物流是企業競爭力的法寶，搞好物流可以實現零庫存、零距離和零流動資金占用，是提高為用戶服務，構筑企業供應鏈，增加企業核心競爭力的重要途徑。在經濟全球化、信息全球化和資本全球化的21世紀，企業只有建立現代物流結構，才能在激烈的競爭中，求得生存和發展。

五、加快商品流通、促進經濟發展

　　在談這個問題時，我們用配送中心的例子來講最有說服力。可以說，配送中心的設立為連鎖商業提供了廣闊的發展空間。利用計算機網絡，將超市、配送中心和供貨商、生產企業連接，能夠以配送中心為樞紐形成一個商業、物流業和生產企業的有效組合。有了計算機迅速及時的信息傳遞和分析，通過配送中心的高效率作業、及時配送，并將信息反饋給供貨商和生產企業，可以形成一個高效率、高能量的商品流通網絡，為企業管理決策提供重要依據，同時，還能夠大大加快商品流通的速度，降低商品的零售價格，提高消費者的購買欲望，從而促進國民經濟的發展。

六、保護環境

　　環境問題是當今時代的主題，保護環境，治理污染和公害是世界各國的共同目標。有人會問，環保與物流有什么關系？這里不妨介紹一下。

　　你走在馬路上，有時會看到馬路一層黃土，這是施工運土的卡車夜里從車上漏撒的，碰上拉水泥的卡車經過，你會更麻煩；馬路上堵車越來越厲害，你連騎自行車都通不過去，噪音和廢氣使你不敢張嘴呼吸；深夜的運貨大卡車不斷地轟鳴，疲勞的你翻來復去睡不著……所有這一切問題都與物流落后有關。卡車撒黃土是裝卸不當，車箱有縫；卡車水泥灰飛揚是水泥包裝苫蓋問題；馬路堵車屬流通設施建設不足。這些如果從物流的角度去考慮，都會迎刃而解。

　　比如，我們在城市外圍多設幾個物流中心、流通中心，大型貨車不管白天還是晚上就都不用進城了，只利用二噸小貨車配送，夜晚的噪音就會減輕；政府重視物流，大力建設城市道路、車站、碼頭，城市的交通阻塞狀況就會緩解，空氣質量自然也會改善。

七、創造社會效益和附加價值

　　實現裝卸搬運作業機械化、自動化，不僅能提高勞動生產率，而且也能解放生產力。把工人從繁重的體力勞動中解脫出來，這本身就是對人的尊重，是創造社會效益。

　　比如，日本多年前開始的“宅急便”、“宅配便”，國內近年來開展的“宅急送”，都是為消費者服務的新行業，它們的出現使居民生活更舒適、更方便。當你去滑雪時，那些沉重的滑雪用具，不必你自己扛、自己搬、自己運，只要給“宅急便”打個電話就有人來取，人還沒到滑雪場，你的滑雪板等用具已經先到了。

　　再如，超市購物時，那里不單單是商品便宜、安全，環境好，而且為你提供手推車，你可以省很多力氣，輕松購物。手推車是搬運工具，這一個小小的服務，就能給消費者帶來諸多方便，這也是創造了社會效益。

　　從以上的例子我們能夠看到，物流創造社會效益。隨著物流的發展，城市居民生活環境，人民的生活質量可以得到改善和提高，人的尊嚴也會得到更多體現。關于物流創造附加值，主要表現在流通加工方面，比如，把鋼卷剪切成鋼板、把原木加工成板材、把糧食加工成食品、把水果加工成罐頭，名煙、名酒、名著、名畫都會通過流通中的加工，使裝幀更加精美，從而大大提高了商品的欣賞性和附加價值。

　　新世紀是世界市場經濟蓬勃發展的世紀，幾乎所有的國家都是在市場經濟的運作方式下生存和發展。不管西方還是東方，已經形成了一個共識，即市場經濟是實現資源最佳配置的經濟形式。因此，從市場經濟供求運動的角度分析物流，有助于我們對人類的經濟活動規律及社會經濟的發展有進一步的認識。

　　(一)物流的市場觀

　　人們通常將流通領域里所發生的商品買賣，以及由商品買賣所引起的人、財、物的全部運動，稱為物流。作為商務概念，一般認為物流涉及的是實物及相關信息在供應者與需求者之間傳遞的全過程。

　　作為經濟學概念的商品，是使用價值和價值的統一體。商品的市場供求活動實際是物質流和價值流運動，即商品流通過程實際包括兩種流程。首先表現為“實體流通”(簡稱“物流”)，即商品的實體運動過程，它是通過運輸、儲存及其他機構的配合來完成的。商品物流的內容包括了商品的包裝、運輸、裝卸、儲存、養護等活動，反映商品在時間和空間上的變換。商品流通的另一過程是“交易流程”或稱之為“所有權流程”(簡稱“商流”)，即商品的所有權轉移過程。它是通過一次或多次交易活動，使商品價值形式發生變化，將商品的所有權逐次轉移，最后到達消費者或使用者手中。

　　不難看出，物流的基本特征是實物的流通，即使用價值的流轉；而商流的本質特征則是商品價值的流轉，即商品所有權的轉移。在商品經濟條件下，物流與商流一般是統一的，即商流是物流的前提，物流實現商流。正是物流與商流的辯證統一運動，推動所有商品(生產、生活、物質和精神等)的交易行為，促成了各行各業、不同種類、各個層次和大小不等的市場，并由這種市場交易的網絡形成了商品交換的供求運動和供求運動的渠道。正如瓊·羅賓遜所說，市場是買主和賣主的聚會。買賣雙方在各級網點、網站從事著交換財富的活動。隨著世界經濟的發展，商品交易出現高頻率、大范圍的特征，引起現代物流的高速、多層次、大范圍和信息流錯綜復雜寬帶運行的趨勢，同時也引發了物流業的巨大變革。既然現代物流發展是商品市場供求運行的結果，那么現代物流變化的內在依據和變動根源應該從供求運行主體的利益行為開始分析。

　　(二)物流的需求觀

　　從工業化和后工業化經濟發展歷程可以看出，需求是帶動商品經濟發展的龍頭。人們常把投資需求、消費需求、政府購買、出口看成是啟動內需和外需，拉動經濟增長的四駕馬車。需求變動不僅帶動經濟增長，而且促進產業結構的調整、升級，進而引導物流的發展。

　　需要與需求是兩個具有不同含義的概念。需要的層次性、多樣性、復雜性和永不飽和性，是人們不斷從事物質和精神生產活動的永恒動力。而從市場經濟引申出來的需求則內涵著商品的價格、人們的支付能力及其偏好等因素。但是，需要仍然是構成需求的初始因素。

　　人們無限多樣的物質和精神需要向各地區、各民族、各國家的社會生產提出了越來越多和越來越高的要求。但是，受自然歷史條件等多方面限制，僅在產品結構上不可能從質量、數量和規格品種上滿足人們的需要，不可避免地存在著經濟狀況的局限性和物質需要多樣性的矛盾。生產力越發展，社會分工越細密，這種矛盾越尖銳。在市場經濟條件下，物流不斷緩解著這種矛與盾的對立，通過商品交換形式，廣泛開展地際、省際、國際間的經濟交流和貿易往來，建立和發展各部門、各行業的橫向聯系，一業托兩體(業是物流業，體是市場運行的生產者和消費者)，互通有無，溝通市場供與求。

　　(三)物流的費用和信息說

　　市場經濟下的物流，除了與諸多的需求因素相關之外，還有不可忽視的另一方面，就是市場供求運行的交易費用和信息。交易是市場經濟存在的基礎，經濟學用“交易費用”這一概念來說明完成市場交易所需要的費用。由于交易費用的存在，交易者在價格之外必須另行支付一筆費用，這筆費用如果太大就會使得交易不能進行，不會發生。因此，交易費用的降低直接關系到經濟運行的效率和物流業的發展。
　　尋找理論說明市場的大多數商品交易是交易主體尋找的結果，尋找不僅存在尋找費用，而且，尋找問題的復雜性和特殊性使人們可以有各式各樣的尋找方法。市場中的交易主體不僅面臨著選擇樣本空間的選擇對象，也面臨著選擇對象的“完美信息”和“完全信息”問題。市場不會把全部的信息無償傳遞給需求者和供給者，因此，信息的尋找和傳遞也是有費用的。顯然，要使物流有效率，呈現有次序的狀態，就必須不斷改進物流運動的形式和狀態。不斷創新的方法能夠有效地降低尋找費用和次數。新的物流網絡、站點不斷涌現，新的交易伙伴、企業的出現以及新的市場運行制度的出現，正在讓社會成員具有較低的交易實施的費用(進入市場的費用)及較低的信息尋找費用(容易找到交易伙伴)。實踐表明，降低交易費用和尋找費用，促進交易效率，提高交易中的“透明度”，顯示可信的市場信息，是物流發展的基石。

　　新世紀商品經濟的發展，意味著世界經濟水平和國際分工程度的提高，也意味著尋找費用和交易費用的增加。但是，交易費用太高將影響交易的實現，降低物流的能力和水平。因此，那些不斷降低交易費用，使交易費用更低的物流形式和業態：洛具有更強的競爭力，更容易被經濟社會所選擇。那些加強信息傳遞，不斷提高市場“透明度”的物流形式，那些具有更強的產生經濟信息能力的物流業態將會成長壯大。

　　以上從市場運行的需求、交易費用和信息等方面分析了影響物流的相關因素，還不能揭示當代物流迅猛發展的內在動力。受傳統觀念的影響，認為物流或流通領域不創造價值的錯誤認識，混淆了價值創造和財富創造的關系，束縛了物流發展。物流這一經濟范疇，既獨立于商品市場，又內涵于商品市場。當我們從市場供求配置資源的財富觀認識物流時，物流實際上是商品市場供給鏈的延長，物流不僅實現和轉移價值，增加附加值，而且不斷地創造著更多的社會財富。

一、 物流的定義

　　“物流”一詞起源于第二次世界大戰期間美國的軍事應用，Physical Distribution（縮寫為PD），直譯為“物資分配”、“實物分布過程”，日本將其定譯為“物流”。戰后，物流在企業界得到應用和發展，因此出現“物資管理”（Materials management）、配送工程（Disribution engireering）、“企業后勤”（Business logistics）、“市場供應”（Market suooly）、物流管理（Logistics management）等詞來表述物流的內容，現在多以Logistics 表示。而物流在我國被重視和得到較大的發展是近二十年的事。

　　“物流”泛指物質資料實體在進行社會再生產過程中、在空間有目的性的（從供應地向接收地）實體流動過程。它聯結生產和消費，使貨暢其流，物盡其用，促進生產不斷發展，滿足社會生產、消費的需要。也有文獻表述為“高效、低成本地將原材料、在制品儲備、產成品等由其始發地至消費地的流動和儲存以及與其有關的信息流進行計劃、實施和控制的過程，以達到滿足用戶需求的目的”。“物流是物質資料從供給者到需求者的物理性運動（包括處在供給者內部的物理性運動），是創造時間價值和場所價值的活動（包括一定的加工附加值）”。

　　物流即“物的流通”，包含“物”與“流”兩方面的內容。概括地說，“物”是指一切可以進行物理位置移動的物質資料。“流”是指物理性運動，有“移動、運動、流動”的

　　含義。物流與流通關系密切，所以為理解物流，首先從流通入手。

　　物流是由“物”和“流”兩個基本要素組成，物流中的“物”指一切可以進行物理性位置移動的物質資料。即“物”的一個重要特點是，必須可以發生物理性位移。

　　物流中的“物”通常與以下幾個概念相關：①物資。泛指物質資料，較多指工業品生產資料。物資是“物流”中物的組成部分。②物料。是生產領域中的一個專門概念。生產企業中除最終產品之外，在生產領域流轉的一切材料（不論是生產資料還是生活資料），如燃料、零部件、半成品、外協件以及生產過程中必然產生的邊、角、余料、廢料及各種廢物等統稱為“物料”，它是物流中“物”的一部分。③貨物。是交通運輸領域中的一個專門概念。交通運輸領域經營的對象分為“物”和“人”兩大類，除“人”之外，“物”統稱為貨物。它也是物流中“物”的一部分。④商品。商品和物流的“物”是互相包含的。商品中的一切可發生物理性位移的物質實體都是物流研究的“物”（即不包括無形商品和“不動品”）。物流的“物”有可能是商品，也有可能是非商品。⑤物品。有形物的通稱。

　　總之，物流中所稱的“物”，是物質資料世界中同時具備物質實體特點和可以進行物理性位移的那一部分物質資料，無論處在哪個領域、哪個環節。

　　物流中的“流”，指的是物理性運動。這種運動也稱之為“位移”，而諸如建筑物、未砍伐的森林、礦體等因不發生物理性運動（盡管其所有權會發生轉移），就不在物流的研究范疇之中。但建造建筑物的材料、一經砍伐的樹木、一經開采出來的礦物就成為物流的對象。

　　對物流的定義，學者們出于不同的側重點（企業、工程、管理）有各種不同的提法，一般來說歸納為狹義的和廣義的兩種。狹義的“物流”，僅指作為商品的物質資料的空間運動過程，屬于流通領域的范疇。廣義的“物流”，則還包括物質資料在生產過程中的運動過程。即物流既發生在流通領域，又包含在生產領域之內。我們研究的是廣義的物流。

　　“物流”作為一個專用學科名詞。它包含了物質資料在流動過程中的技術和管理活動。因此，“物流”的含義可以表述為：物質資料在生產過程中各個生產階段之間的流動和從生產場所到消費場所之間的全部運動過程；包括運動過程中的空間位移及與之相關聯的一系列生產技術性活動。這個技術包括自然技術和管理技術。由于物流技術的提高，降低了物質資料、產成品在流轉過程中的費用，提高了經濟效益和社會效益，因此被喻為“第三利潤源泉”。

二、 物流的五要素

　　物流五要素（Five Elements of Logistics）是指評價物流體系的五個主要要素，它們是：品質、數量、時間、地點和價格。

　　1.品質是指物流過程中，物料的品質保持不變；

　　2.數量是指符合經濟性的數量要求和運輸活動中往返運輸載重盡可能滿載等；

　　3.時間是指以合理費用及時送達為原則做到的快速；

　　4.地點是指選擇合理的集運地及倉庫，避免兩次無效運輸及多次轉運；

　　5.價格是指在保證質量及滿足時間要求的前提下盡可能降低物流費用。

　　物流是一門新興的科學。物流這個概念只有約80年的歷史，而且物流主要在20世紀中期以后才得到發展，相對來說還比較年輕，理論上尚不成熟，不夠嚴密，還在不斷修正和完善。目前，世界各國對物流的認識不完全相同，在理論上形成了以下集中學說。

一、黑大陸學說

　　著名的管理學權威P·E·德魯克曾經講過：“流通是經濟 領域里的黑暗大陸”，德魯克泛指的是流通，但是，由于流通領域中物流 活動的模糊性尤其突出，是流通領域中人們更認識不清的領域，所以，“ 黑大陸”說法現在轉向主要針對物流而言。

二、物流冰山說

　　是日本早稻田大學西澤修教授提出來的，他專門研究物流成本時發現，現行的財務會計制度和會計核算方法都不可能掌握物流費用的實際情況，因而人們對物流費用的了解是一片空白，甚至有很大的虛假性，他把這種情況比做“物流冰山”，冰山露出茫茫海面的只是它巨大軀體的一小部分，更大的部分則隱藏在海面之下，物流成本也有類似的特征。傳統會計中所計算的外付運費和外付儲存費，不過是冰山一角，大量的物流成本混入企業其他費用中，如不把這些費用核算清楚，很難看出物流費用的全貌。

　　目前，各企業計算物流成本的方法和范圍也不盡相同，因此無法與其他企業進行比較，也很難計算行業的平均成本。即大部分沉在水面以下的是我們看不到的黑色區域，而我們看到的不過是物流的一部分。

三、利潤中心說

　　利潤中心說的含義是，物流可以為企業提供大量直接和間接的利潤，是形成企業經營利潤的主要活動。非但如此，對國民經濟而言，物流也是國民經濟中創利的主要活動。物流的這一作用，被表述為“第三利潤源”。 “第三利潤源”的說法主要出自日本。從經濟發展歷程來看，能夠大量提供利潤的領域主要有兩個，第一個是資源領域，第二個是人力領域。在這兩個利潤源潛力越來越小，利潤開拓越來越困難的情況下，物流領域的潛力被人們所重視，按時間序列排為“第三利潤源”。

四、“第三利潤源泉”說

　　“第三個利潤源”說法主要出自日本。從歷史發展來看，人類歷史上曾經有過兩個大量提供利潤的領域。第一個是資源領域，第二個是人力領域。在前兩個利潤源潛力越來越小，利潤開拓越來越困難情況 下，物流領域的潛力被人所重視，按時間序列排為“第三個利潤源”。

五、效益背反說

　　是物流領域中很經常的很普遍的現象，是這一領域中內部矛盾的反映和表現。例如，包裝問題，包裝方面每少花一分錢，這一分錢 就必須就必然轉到收益上來，包裝越省，利潤則越高。但是，一旦商品進入流通之后，如果簡省的包裝降低了產品的防護效果，贊成了大量損失， 就會造成儲存、裝卸、運輸功能要素的工作劣化和效益大減。

六、服務中心說

　　代表了美國和歐洲等一些國家學者對物流的認識，這種認識認為，物流活動最大的作用，并不在于為企業節約了消耗，降低了成本 或增加了利潤，而是在于提高企業對用戶的服務水平進而提高了企業的競 爭能力。因此，他們在使用描述物流的詞匯上選擇了后勤一詞，特別強調其服務保障的職能。通過物流的服務保障，企業以其整體能力來壓縮成本增加利潤。

七、成本中心說

　　含義是，物流在整修企業戰略中，只對企業營銷活動的成本發生影響，物流是企業成本的重要的產生點，因而，解決物流的問題， 并不主要是為要搞合理化、現代化，不主要在于支持保障其他活動，而主 要是通過物流管理和物流的一系列活動降低成本。所以，成本中心既是指 主要成本的產生點，又是指降低成本的關注點，物流是“降低成本的寶庫”等說法正是這種認識的形象表述。

物流成本乘數效應

　　假定銷售額為100萬元，物流成本為10萬元，物流成本占銷售額的10%。那么，當物流成本下降1%，銷售金額就會增加10%，即10 萬元。這個理論類似物理學中的杠桿原理，物流成本的下降通過一定的支點，可以使銷售獲得成倍增長。

八、戰略說

　　是當前非常盛行的說法，實際上學術界和企業界越來越多的人已逐漸認識到，物流更具有戰略性，是企業發展的戰略而不是一項具體操作性任務。應該說這種看法把物流放在了很高的位置。企業戰略是什么呢？是生存和發展。物流會影響企業總體的生存和發展，而不是僅僅在哪個環節搞得合理一些，省了幾個錢。

九、商務分流說

　　物流科學賴以存在的條件，是所謂商物分流，是指流通中兩個組成部分-商業流通和實物流通各自按照自己的規律和渠道獨立運動。

The 1969 NFL Playoffs featured the top four teams in the National Football League. The playoffs were structured that year in such a way that the top team from each division would qualify for the playoffs. There were two divisions in each conference. The two division winners from each conference would face each other for a chance to play against the champion of the other conference.

The winner of the Capitol Division was the Dallas Cowboys. The Cowboys managed a record of 11-2-1, easily beating out the Washington Redskins for the Division Title. The Capitol Division winners would play against the Century Division winners.

The Century Division was dominated by the Cleveland Browns. The Browns were actually the only team in the Century division that managed to a winning record. They finished the season at 10-3-1.

These two teams faced off and the Browns were just too strong. The Cowboys looked solid defensively during the season, they were not able to stop the Browns during this game. The Browns managed to light up the scoreboard for 38 points en route to a 38-14 victory over the Dallas Cowboys. The Browns would advance to play against the winners of the opposing conference for the NFL Championship.

The Coastal division was dominated by the Los Angeles Rams for the majority of the season. The Rams started off the season on a roll and looked like they would keep rolling right into the playoffs. In week 12 the Rams suffered their first loss and they soon after were on a losing streak. The Rams lost 3 games in a row going into the playoffs.

The Minnesota Vikings dominated the Central Division with a high powered offense and a stingy defense. They finished with a record of 12-2 on the season and would play against the Rams for the opportunity to go to the NFL Championship game.

The Rams were unable to get their momentum back after starting out hot and found themselves in a tough spot. The game was close, but the Vikings managed to take home a 23-20. The Vikings went on to play against the Cleveland Browns in the NFL Championship Game.

The Browns were a solid team, but they were really no match for the Vikings in this game. The Vikings had the best offense and defense in the NFL in the regular season and looked dominant in the NFL Championship Game. The Browns were only able to score one touchdown in the game while surrendering 27 points defensively.

The final score of the game between these two teams was 27-7 in favor of the Minnesota Vikings. With their victory the Vikings would be NFL Champions and would go on to play against the AFL Champions.

The AFL was won that season by the Kansas City Chiefs. The Chiefs and Vikings would play and the Chiefs shocked the world by taking out this dominant Vikings team. This Super Bowl victory would be the only Super Bowl for the Chiefs in their history.

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Montreal Alouettes vs Montreal Alouettes NFL Picks: The Montreal Alouettes and Saskatchewan Roughriders have played two very level Grey Cups in the last two seasons. It looks like the two are miles apart this year though, and CFL bettors will have a tough time when these two hook up at Percival Molson Stadium on Sunday night.

To say that the Roughriders have had a rough start to the season is a bit of an understatement. They are one of the two winless teams in the CFL, and there really hasn't been much to be proud of in any real facet of the game.

Last week's 33-3 loss to the Hamilton Tiger-Cats was arguably the worst loss that this team has suffered in a number of years, not just because of the 30 point margin of victory, but because of the fact that it came against another team that was without a win on the year coming in. QB Darian Durant has always been up and down over the course of his career, but this was about as low as it got.

He threw three picks on the day and only had nine completions, two of which came in the first half before giving way to Ryan Dinwiddie. The defense obviously wasn't a heck of a lot better, but the offense only had 53 yards during the whole first half - fewer yards than what the Tabbies had on three individual drives in the half.

And then there are the Alouettes, who have had absolutely everything go according to plan thus far in their second straight title defense season. They've had three games go relatively easily, with the only hiccup being the fact that the BC Lions came back from down 24-3 to make a game out of it in the fourth quarter in the season opener.

QB Anthony Calvillo has already broken the passing TD record for a career, something that many thought would have to wait until either this game or perhaps one or two more down the line. He has 10 scores on the season against just two picks, and he leads the league in passing with 1,038 yards.

Defensively, there have been some struggles, but this is a unit that really could be in some issues without DB Jerald Brown, who was lost in the first week of the year with a season ending ankle injury. WR Jamel Richardson might miss yet another game this week with a quadriceps injury, and with Prechae Rodriguez and Kerry Watkins both nursing injuries as well, AC could have his work cut out for him.

There's a point that Montreal is going to come down just a notch, and there's also a point that the Riders are going to play better. Teams that start 0-4 don't generally make the postseason even when six of the eight teams get in.

We're not so sure that Alouettes are going to drop this game SU, but we don't think that they have the guns to cover this type of a CFL line for the second time in three weeks. Take the points with the Roughriders +11.5.

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NFL Picks News: They spend most of the summer in Florida still not quite Christian Ponder to get ready for the grueling workout on Monday.

The Vikings rookie quarterback joined a group of NFL players and hopes at the University of Minnesota on a hot, humid morning, after a journey of 22 hours to move his business and officially begin his professional career.

"This workout is kicking my butt," Ponder said. "Eating all that fast food and everything is not a good deal. I'm sweating it out."

Yes, even a native Texan, who played football in the state of Florida, may feel uncomfortable in the climate of Minnesota, at least one day where the temperature reached above 90 and the air was thick milkshake.

"It's unbelievable," Ponder said in an interview after the session with a handful of reporters. "It feels like Florida. Probably a little hotter than Florida, but I guess it's good to get us in shape, getting us ready for the season."

Think of the original plan was to spend some 'time on the ground and then the rest of the morning, real estate agent to hunt a house near the Vikings' headquarters in suburban Eden Prairie, Minnesota

But Arizona Cardinals star receiver Larry Fitzgerald, the organizer of the training persuaded to believe that for training to be complete. Consider the race over and conditioning exercises with some of his soon-to-be Vikings teammates and others anxiously waiting locked out of the NFL at the end.

Conversations between the league and the players worked on a new agreement, but it's not over yet. It set and reviews thousands of other players in a strange place, unable to train with their team; you must use the facilities of the weightlifting or speak with their coaches.

Fortunately, any speculation that he was 12 overall choices in the draft quarterback hungry, the Vikings took the book to play in April, when he made a brief visit to his new team.

"Everyone is being optimistic about it right now," Ponder said. "One can only hope."

The Vikings are scheduled to report to training July 31 in the event that the NFL is back in business at that time. The rush to sign first round will be even more chaotic than usual, provided that negotiations can begin with the veteran free agency also remains one of the many articles on the championship to the list before the 2011 season can begin.

But Ponder said he did not believe that it would take long to get an agreement because of the rookie wage system that should be part of the new agreement, which was designed by the owners and players to keep the first bonus round of soaring higher they already have.

"It will be done quickly, and I want to be ready to go and get in as soon as possible," Ponder said, adding: "My goal is always to get this second contract anyway. That's when you make the most money."

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NFL Picks News: It was not surprising to see Cam Newton gossip sites in recent months, is celebrating its status as No. 1 draft pick while killing time until the NFL lockout is resolved.

But it's not about what Newton. You will not find in New York or Los Angeles or South Beach. Instead, rookie Carolina Panthers spent most of his time quietly in Bradenton, Fla., working to develop a game that will translate to the professional level.

"It was brought to my attention that if you take care of your number one goal, two, three, four, five -- they will be taken care of," Newton told The Charlotte Observer in Sunday's edition. "My number one goal is to be a great football player."

It 'clear that what he says that Newton has followed the NFL closely. He knows what quarterbacks has had both personal and team success, and he uses them as a pro bowler and a compass to guide their young career.

"I look up to the guys like Tom Brady, Drew Brees, Aaron Rodgers, Peyton Manning, Ben Roethlisberger. They're great at what they do," Newton said. "I really love how Peyton Manning controls the whole game. He is the dictator out there on the field. He doesn't let the defense dictate him. Aaron Rodgers is a machine as far as his mechanics.

"Tom Brady is the ultimate leader. Drew Brees is a savvy guy in the pocket. Why not take a little something from everybody and apply it to your own?"

Bradenton is home to the Academy IMG Madden Football, the site was the birthplace of Newton away from home. The 22-year-old Chris Weinke worked with the program manager and a former Panthers QB and Heisman Trophy winner himself.

"We're fine-tuning his mechanics, whether it's foot placement or level shoulders or whatever it is. There are little things that we tweak with him," said Weinke, who knows what it's like to face high expectations right out of college. "The biggest thing with him was he was not used to being under center in college. So the footwork is new to him. He's been able to grasp that. He's doing a great job now."

Works with Weinke at IMG have been an ideal situation for Newton.

"You're down here and it's like 485 acres of just straight work, basically," Newton told the Observer. "You've got three football fields you can pick from. You've got every opportunity to be successful. ... You don't have any media out here to critique everything you do: 'Look, Cam's going to get lunch. Look, he ate a Honey Bun today.'"

Newton's low-key experience of the IMG is far from his last season at Auburn, where he led the team in the NCAA championship while being investigated violations of the rules. Taken continuously monitor Newton, who has found a safe haven is a football field.

"I'd wake up in the morning, cut on the TV, 'Well, Cam Newton is this.' Go on campus and read the newspaper and 'Cam Newton is that.' Put my iPod on and you're looking at people and they're looking back at you," Newton said. "But I knew none of that was going to go down in that little hour or two hours that I had on that football field. It was like I was at recess. I was like a little kid. ... My escape was football. I knew everything (else) had to wait."

Newton thinks his tumultuous college career made him stronger.

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NFL Picks News: Green Bay Packers wide receiver Donald Driver has revealed the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel on Monday that the ankle and knee injuries suffered Super Bowl XLV was much worse than originally thought.The ankle injury, initially diagnosed as a sprain - and lockouts - forced 12-year veteran wearing a walking boot for two months."You hear sprain and think, three, four, maybe five weeks," said Driver, adding he experienced shooting pain from the knee down to the ankle.

"It just didn't feel right. Then when I saw it on film -- the hit -- it was like what (running back) Ryan Grant sustained early in the year. Mine was exactly the same, or worse. I just didn't understand how my leg or my ankle could snap in half."So Driver, 36, who has done three times a Pro Bowl selection rabid offseason workout treatment, was to take it easy, something blocking helped to facilitate.

"I did exactly what they wanted me to do. I didn't try to rush the healing process," Driver said. "The lockout gave me the opportunity to heal and not try to rush back to prove to people or prove to the media I'm not done yet."If I didn't show up for OTAs, and I'm hurt and everything, people would say I may be winding down."It always seems like every year I've got to go in and I've got to prove myself. At this point, I am the starter and no one can take that from me."Driver, 36, has seven 1,000-yard seasons and is only 41 meters to become the Packers all time leader in receiving yards. Despite the wounds of the Super Bowl, and a quadriceps injury sustained earlier in the year 2010, resolution of lead is stronger than ever.

"I know I can play at a high level," Driver said. "I'm going back to have fun. I have two years left on my contract; I want to play those two years out -- as a starter."

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NFL Picks News: Now that the NFL labor dispute comes to an end, the Green Bay Packers are still hoping to find a way to celebrate their victory in Super Bowl at the White House.

They work against a very short time.

Speaking to reporters on Monday in Green Bay Packers CEO Mark Murphy said Washington would not be practical during the regular season, but the team is working with White House officials can plan for the month of August.

It 'a challenge, because the bus is already packed in more preparation time in training camp after the block offseason workouts loss.

"We've since had some discussions, looking at whether we can find a date in August where the team could go down and visit the White House," Murphy said. "I hope we can make it. I think it'd be such a special and unique opportunity for our players."

Of course, President Barack Obama might have some problems of its own programming - especially with the countdown to the deadline for the debt of this approach.

"I do realize that President Obama has more important things to deal with now than this," Murphy said.

The NFL did not allow the Packers to make the White House during the visit of a lockout.

If the trip can be saved in a way now, Murphy said he hopes to be particularly sweet for veteran cornerback Charles Woodson.

After the Packers beat the Chicago Bears for Obama in the championship game of the NFC, jokingly Woodson criticized Obama for not publicly supporting the Packers to the Super Bowl.

When Obama delivered a speech in Wisconsin, before the Packers' victory over the Steelers Super Bowl Pittsburgh, Woodson sent him a signed shirt with the message: "See you at the White House. Go Packers."

"I'm looking forward to seeing Charles Woodson and President Obama shake hands," Murphy said.

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